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The past 25 years have seen the functional domain of the cerebellum extend beyond the realm of motor control, with considerable discussion of how this subcortical structure contributes to cognitive domains including attention, memory, and language. Drawing on evidence from neuroanatomy, physiology, neuropsychology, and computational work, sophisticated models have been developed to describe cerebellar function in sensorimotor control and learning. In contrast, mechanistic accounts of how the cerebellum contributes to cognition have remained elusive. Inspired by the homogeneous cerebellar microanatomy and a desire for parsimony, many researchers have sought to extend mechanistic ideas from motor control to cognition. One influential hypothesis centers on the idea that the cerebellum implements internal models, representations of the context-specific dynamics of an agent's interactions with the environment, enabling predictive control.

Moberget

The functional domain of the human cerebellum has expanded beyond motor control to also include cognitive and affective functions. In line with this notion, cerebellar volume has increased over recent primate evolution and cerebellar alterations have been linked to heritable mental disorders. We also observed genetic overlap between cerebellar morphology and major mental disorders, supporting cerebellar involvement in psychopathology. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by UCSD in accordance with its competing interest policies. Other authors report no competing interests. The funding bodies had no role in the analysis or interpretation of the data; the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; nor in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. For our main analyses, T1-weighted MR images, demographic and genetic data from 39, UK Biobank participants were accessed using access number I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance. I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist s and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.

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Although cerebellar involvement across a wide range of cognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes is increasingly being recognized, previous large-scale studies in schizophrenia SZ have primarily focused on supratentorial structures. Hence, the across-sample reproducibility, regional distribution, associations with cerebrocortical morphology and effect sizes of cerebellar relative to cerebral morphological differences in SZ are unknown. We addressed these questions in patients with SZ spectrum disorders and healthy controls HCs from 14 international samples, using state-of-the-art image analysis pipelines optimized for both the cerebellum and the cerebrum. Effect sizes for cerebellar volumes were similar to the most consistently reported cerebral structural changes in SZ e. Within groups, we further observed positive correlations between cerebellar volume and cerebral cortical thickness in frontotemporal regions i. This cerebellocerebral structural covariance was strongest in SZ, suggesting common underlying disease processes jointly affecting the cerebellum and the cerebrum.

Long-term potentiation LTP is one of the most extensively studied forms of neuroplasticity and is considered the strongest candidate mechanism for memory and learning. The use of event-related potentials and sensory stimulation paradigms has allowed for the translation from animal studies to non-invasive studies of LTP-like synaptic plasticity in humans. Accumulating evidence suggests that synaptic plasticity as measured by stimulus-specific response modulation is reduced in neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder MDD , bipolar disorders and schizophrenia, suggesting that impaired synaptic plasticity plays a part in the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders. This is in line with the neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression, which postulate that deficits in neuroplasticity might be a common pathway underlying depressive disorders. Further, this study explores whether impairments in LTP-like synaptic plasticity is associated with self-reported subclinical depressive symptoms and stress in a healthy population. Consistent with prior research, the current study replicated and confirmed reports demonstrating significant modulation of visual evoked potentials VEP following visual high-frequency stimulation. Current results further indicate that reduced LTP-like synaptic plasticity is associated with higher levels of self-reported symptoms of depression and perceived stress. This indicate that LTP-like plasticity is sensitive to sub-clinical levels of psychological distress, and might represent a vulnerability marker for the development of depressive symptoms. Abstract Long-term potentiation LTP is one of the most extensively studied forms of neuroplasticity and is considered the strongest candidate mechanism for memory and learning.

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Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders SCZspect and bipolar disorders BD show impaired function in the primary visual cortex V1 , indicated by altered visual evoked potential VEP. While the neural substrate for altered VEP in these patients remains elusive, altered V1 structure may play a role. One previous study found a positive relationship between the amplitude of the P component of the VEP and V1 surface area, but not V1 thickness, in a small sample of healthy individuals. We also compared the mean P amplitude, V1 surface area and V1 thickness between controls and patients and found no significant group differences. Together, our results confirm previous findings of a positive PV1 surface area association in HC, whereas larger patient samples are needed to further clarify the function-structure relationship in V1 in SCZspect and BD. Rationale: For visual perspective taking VPT using the avatar task, examinations of neural processes using event related potentials ERP indicate a distinction between an early posterior perspective calculation process P3 and a later frontal process LFSW managing perspective conflict. While it is unknown if these neural processes are affected in clinical populations, it is unclear if the avatar task can be applied to this group, due to the long duration and sensitivity to data loss. Thus, we performed a methodological study of the avatar task, testing the feasibility of a shortened experimental paradigm. Results: We observed minimal differences when analysing data from only matching trial types compared to all trial types.

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Although cerebellar involvement across a wide range of cognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes is increasingly being recognized, previous large-scale studies in schizophrenia SZ have primarily focused on supratentorial structures. NOTE: Your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article. Artikler Sitert av Offentlig tilgang Medforfattere. Hence, the across-sample reproducibility, regional distribution, associations with cerebrocortical morphology and effect sizes of cerebellar relative to cerebral morphological differences in SZ are unknown. Nye artikler relatert til denne forfatterens forskning. Taken together, these novel findings establish the cerebellum as a key node in the distributed brain networks underlying SZ. All Articles. Health Systems and Quality Improvement Andreassen , Lars T. JAMA psychiatry 75 3 , , NeuroImage: Clinical 15, , Abstract Although cerebellar involvement across a wide range of cognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes is increasingly being recognized, previous large-scale studies in schizophrenia SZ have primarily focused on supratentorial structures. Drawing on evidence from neuroanatomy, physiology, neuropsychology, and computational work, sophisticated models have been developed to describe cerebellar function in sensorimotor control and learning.

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Pathology Supplementary Material. Neurology Forensic Medicine Health Informatics Hematology Obstetrics and Gynecology Genetic and Genomic Medicine Medical Education Taken together, these novel findings establish the cerebellum as a key node in the distributed brain networks underlying SZ.