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Hunter-gatherer culture was the way of life for early humans until around 11, to 12, years ago. The lifestyle of hunter-gatherers was based on hunting animals and foraging for food. Anthropology, Social Studies, World History. The Hadza people of Tanzania rely on hunting wild game for meat, a task that requires great skill in tracking, teamwork, and accuracy with a bow and arrow. Hunter-gatherer culture is a type of subsistence lifestyle that relies on hunting and fishing animals and foraging for wild vegetation and other nutrients like honey, for food. Until approximately 12, years ago, all humans practiced hunting-gathering.

Gatherer

This is a common practice among most vertebrates that are omnivores. Hunter-gatherer societies stand in contrast to the more sedentary agricultural societies , which rely mainly on cultivating crops and raising domesticated animals for food production, although the boundaries between the two ways of living are not completely distinct. Hunting and gathering was humanity's original and most enduring successful competitive adaptation in the natural world, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers lived in groups that consisted of several families resulting in a size of a few dozen people. The Late Pleistocene witnessed the spread of modern humans outside of Africa as well as the extinction of all other human species. Humans spread to the Australian continent and the Americas for the first time, coincident with the extinction of numerous predominantly megafaunal species. During the s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans obtained food via scavenging , not hunting. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. According to the endurance running hypothesis , long-distance running as in persistence hunting , a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies may have been in use sequentially, alternately or even simultaneously. Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80, to 70, years ago, some hunter-gatherer bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of often larger game and gathering a smaller selection of food.

Man the hunter. As one moves away from the equatorgatherer, the importance of plant gatherer decreases and the importance of aquatic food increases.

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James eds. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. In North and South America , for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene —according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, [18] one of several explanations offered for the Quaternary extinction event there. The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one-way process. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. These practices allowed them to take from the environment in a sustainable manner for centuries. When the earth turns back to wilderness after the connection with humans is lost then the plants and animals will retreat and hide from the humans. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies may have been in use sequentially, alternately or even simultaneously. Archaeologists can use evidence such as stone tool use to track hunter-gatherer activities, including mobility. Evidence suggests big-game hunter-gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia Eurasia into North America over a land bridge Beringia , that existed between 47, and 14, years ago. Asian Perspectives. Media Credits The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. This is a common practice among most vertebrates that are omnivores. Explaining Human Culture. The Forest People.

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For the hobby or academic activity, see Plant collecting. Collard et al. Berkeley: University of California. Further information: Cultural universal. The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. These practices allowed them to take from the environment in a sustainable manner for centuries. Spring Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. This section's factual accuracy is disputed.