Trophoblasts

Federal government websites often end in. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on trophoblasts federal government site. The site is secure, trophoblasts.

You can also search for this editor in PubMed Google Scholar. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check for access. This volume explores the latest approaches used to assess trophoblast angiogenesis, transport function, cellular respirations, migration, and invasion. The chapters in this book cover topics such as various methods to study and manipulate primary trophoblast cells; strategies using liposomes to deliver biomolecules to trophoblasts; in vitro models of the placenta that emulate the cellular interactions in the 3D uterine environment; and models exploring heterogenous cell types and 3D-organoid structures that represent cell-to-cell interactions in vivo. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Trophoblasts

The trophoblast from Greek trephein : to feed; and blastos : germinator is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst. Trophoblasts are present four days after fertilization in humans. After blastulation , the trophoblast is contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo and is referred to as the trophectoderm. They become pluripotent stem cells. The trophoblast proliferates and differentiates into two cell layers at approximately six days after fertilization for humans. Trophoblasts are specialized cells of the placenta that play an important role in embryo implantation and interaction with the decidualized maternal uterus. This core is surrounded by two layers of trophoblasts, the cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast is a layer of mono-nucleated cells that resides underneath the syncytiotrophoblast. It then facilitates the exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases between the maternal and fetal systems. In addition, cytotrophoblasts in the tips of villi can differentiate into another type of trophoblast called the extravillous trophoblast. Extravillous trophoblasts grow out from the placenta and penetrate into the decidualized uterus.

FEBS Lett. Despite their responsiveness to the induction of cAMP analogs and the production of multiple placental hormones, both JEG-3 and JAR exhibit limited intercellular membrane fusion, trophoblasts, thereby failing to undergo substantial fusion [ 41 trophoblasts, 4243 ].

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'trophoblast. Send us feedback about these examples. Accessed 2 Mar. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! See Definitions and Examples ». Log In.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Human pregnancy depends on the proper development of the embryo prior to implantation and the implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall. During the pre-implantation phase, formation of the morula is followed by internalization of blastomeres that differentiate into the pluripotent inner cell mass lineage, while the cells on the surface undergo polarization and differentiate into the trophectoderm of the blastocyst. The trophectoderm mediates apposition and adhesion of the blastocyst to the uterine epithelium. These processes lead to a stable contact between embryonic and maternal tissues, resulting in the formation of a new organ, the placenta. During implantation, the trophectoderm cells start to differentiate and form the basis for multiple specialized trophoblast subpopulations, all of which fulfilling specific key functions in placentation. They either differentiate into polar cells serving typical epithelial functions, or into apolar invasive cells that adapt the uterine wall to progressing pregnancy. The composition of these trophoblast subpopulations is crucial for human placenta development and alterations are suggested to result in placenta-associated pregnancy pathologies. This review article focuses on what is known about very early processes in human reproduction and emphasizes on morphological and functional aspects of early trophoblast differentiation and subpopulations.

Trophoblasts

Federal government websites often end in. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The site is secure. NCBI Bookshelf. Wang Y, Zhao S. Vascular Biology of the Placenta. Hofbauer cells synthesize VEGF and other proangiogenic factors that initiate vasculogenesis in the placenta; and 3 fetal vascular cells that include vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells pericytes , and endothelial cells. Trophoblasts from Greek to feed: threphein are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provides nutrients to the embryo, and develops into a large part of the placenta.

Jmmo

Importantly, because none of these markers are specific for trophoblast or trophoblast populations in general, they must be used in combination. Recent Activity. Importantly, none of the markers are unique to trophoblast, as highlighted in a recent debate Roberts et al. Cell Lines and Culture Conditions All cell lines were used within 6 months of purchase from ATCC, or profiled by short tandem repeat typing, as described by Palmer et al. In , Lee et al. Time Traveler. Am J Pathol. Impaired trophoblast cell fusion can lead to a variety of placenta-derived pregnancy diseases, such as preeclampsia, recurrent spontaneous abortion, and fetal growth restriction. Simultaneous differentiation of endothelial and trophoblastic cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Noguer-Dance M. By contrast more

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Abnormal placentation is considered as an underlying cause of various pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, the latter increasing the risk for the development of severe disorders in later life such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Normal pregnancy is characterized by the formation of large arterio-venous shunts that persist in the immediate post-partum period. Renaud Pages Human trophoblast stem cells TSCs are an emerging in vitro model for the study of trophoblast cells. Front Microbiol. Brosen et al. However, it is not known whether the same network operates in humans or what the pattern of expression is in normal first-trimester trophoblast populations Table S1. Get Word of the Day daily email! Most studies that attempt to elucidate the functional role of placental microvascular endothelial cells have been restricted to microscopic analysis of frozen tissue sections [ 38 ]. This technique has been successfully applied to both mouse placentas and trophoblast lineages derived from ESCs [ , ]. J Cell Physiol. Subsequently, the natural or digested placental villi are transplanted onto type I collagen or extracellular matrix ECM substrates, such as Matrigel, to facilitate subsequent culture. Hofbauer cells synthesize VEGF and other proangiogenic factors that initiate vasculogenesis in the placenta; and 3 fetal vascular cells that include vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells pericytes , and endothelial cells.