Commons wikipedia

Wikimedia Commonsor simply Commonsis a wiki -based media repository of free-to-use images, sounds, videos and other media. Files from Wikimedia Commons can be used across all of the Wikimedia projects [2] in all languages, including WikipediaWikivoyageWikisourceWikiquoteWiktionaryWikinewscommons wikipedia, Wikibooksand Wikispeciesor downloaded for offsite use. As of January commons wikipedia, the repository contains over million free-to-use media files, managed and editable by registered volunteers.

From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Wikimedia category. Random in this category. This is a main category requiring frequent diffusion and maybe maintenance. As many pictures and media files as possible should be moved into appropriate subcategories. Subcategories This category has the following subcategories, out of total. Public domain maps from demis.

Commons wikipedia

The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable Earth. These resources are held in common even when owned privately or publicly. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that groups of people communities, user groups manage for individual and collective benefit. The Digital Library of the Commons defines "commons" as "a general term for shared resources in which each stakeholder has an equal interest". The term "commons" derives from the traditional English legal term for common land , which are also known as "commons", and was popularised in the modern sense as a shared resource term by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in an influential article called " The Tragedy of the Commons ". As Frank van Laerhoven and Elinor Ostrom have stated; "Prior to the publication of Hardin's article on the tragedy of the commons , titles containing the words 'the commons', ' common pool resources ', or 'common property' were very rare in the academic literature. Some texts make a distinction in usage between common ownership of the commons and collective ownership among a group of colleagues, such as in a producers' cooperative. The precision of this distinction is not always maintained. Others conflate open access areas with commons; however, open access areas can be used by anybody while the commons has a defined set of users. The use of "commons" for natural resources has its roots in European intellectual history, where it referred to shared agricultural fields, grazing lands and forests that were, over a period of several hundred years, enclosed, claimed as private property for private use. In European political texts, the common wealth was the totality of the material riches of the world, such as the air, the water, the soil and the seed, all nature's bounty regarded as the inheritance of humanity as a whole, to be shared together. In this context, one may go back further, to the Roman legal category res communis , applied to things common to all to be used and enjoyed by everyone, as opposed to res publica , applied to public property managed by the government. Originally in medieval England the common was an integral part of the manor , and was thus legally part of the estate in land owned by the lord of the manor , but over which certain classes of manorial tenants and others held certain rights. By extension, the term "commons" has come to be applied to other resources which a community has rights or access to.

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In order to find certain media files on Wikimedia Commons, you can search an entire category, or see if a gallery page for your subject exists. Commons has fewer pages than Wikipedia has articles, but does have a number of gallery pages, such as for Bicycle , Lake , many National Parks , plant species, and animals, that can make searching or linking easier. You can add a link from a Wikimedia Commons gallery page to a Wikipedia article where the collection would be more appropriate than a single media file. If you want to reuse Wikimedia Commons media files outside Wikimedia projects, you are welcome to do so. However, keep some very important points in mind:. In general, to embed a Wikimedia Commons media file in Wikipedia or another Wikimedia wiki , just include it in the same way as if it were to be stored locally there.

Wikimedia Commons is a media file repository making available public domain and freely licensed educational media content images, sound and video clips to everyone, in their own language. It acts as a common repository for the various projects of the Wikimedia Foundation , but you do not need to belong to one of those projects to use media hosted here. The repository is created and maintained not by paid archivists, but by volunteers. The scope of Commons is set out on the project scope pages. Wikimedia Commons uses the same wiki-technology as Wikipedia and everyone can edit it. Unlike media files uploaded to other projects, files uploaded to Wikimedia Commons can be embedded on pages of all Wikimedia projects without the need to separately upload them there. Launched on 7 September , Wikimedia Commons hit the 1,, uploaded media file milestone on 30 November and currently contains ,, files. More background information about the Wikimedia Commons project itself can be found in the General disclaimer , at the Wikipedia page about Wikimedia Commons and its page in Meta-wiki. Unlike traditional media repositories, Wikimedia Commons is free.

Commons wikipedia

The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable Earth. These resources are held in common even when owned privately or publicly. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that groups of people communities, user groups manage for individual and collective benefit. The Digital Library of the Commons defines "commons" as "a general term for shared resources in which each stakeholder has an equal interest". The term "commons" derives from the traditional English legal term for common land , which are also known as "commons", and was popularised in the modern sense as a shared resource term by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in an influential article called " The Tragedy of the Commons ". As Frank van Laerhoven and Elinor Ostrom have stated; "Prior to the publication of Hardin's article on the tragedy of the commons , titles containing the words 'the commons', ' common pool resources ', or 'common property' were very rare in the academic literature. Some texts make a distinction in usage between common ownership of the commons and collective ownership among a group of colleagues, such as in a producers' cooperative. The precision of this distinction is not always maintained. Others conflate open access areas with commons; however, open access areas can be used by anybody while the commons has a defined set of users.

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Architecture landscape sustainable Ecopsychology Engineering ecological environmental Green criminology Health environmental epidemiology occupational public Management environmental fisheries forest natural resource waste Planning environmental land use regional spatial urban Policy energy environmental. Aikin p - Dorset. It is designed to help comply with these license conditions and simplify the re-use of freely licensed images. A category can combine two or more different criteria; such categories are called "compound categories" or "intersection categories". This practice produces or establishes a social relation with a common whose uses are either exclusive to a social group or partially or fully open to all and sundry. DAP photo. It's often assumed that the more categories an image is in, the easier it will be to find it. The category structure should reflect a hierarchy of concepts, from the most generic one down to the very specific. These resources are held in common even when owned privately or publicly. Namespaces Category Discussion. Upload file Recent changes Latest files Random file Contact us. Upload an image to Wiki Loves Folklore.

Wikimedia Commons is a website owned by the Wikimedia Foundation , based on a wiki.

Categorization workflow. Marcus Gheeraerts I - Title page of Esbatement moral, des animaux. Before 17 June , CategorizationBot was responsible for this job. This is done through a closed membership policy, as well as having control over the docking spaces. Aikin p - Worcestershire. Read Edit View history. As Frank van Laerhoven and Elinor Ostrom have stated; "Prior to the publication of Hardin's article on the tragedy of the commons , titles containing the words 'the commons', ' common pool resources ', or 'common property' were very rare in the academic literature. Scientific American Blog Network. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Further details can be found at Help:Sound file markup.