Adipokines

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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Besides its role as an energy storage organ, adipose tissue can be viewed as a dynamic and complex endocrine organ, which produces and secretes several adipokines, including hormones, cytokines, extracellular matrix ECM proteins, and growth and vasoactive factors. A wide body of evidence showed that adipokines play a critical role in various biological and physiological functions, among which feeding modulation, inflammatory and immune function, glucose and lipid metabolism, and blood pressure control. These adipokines are able to modulate body weight, appetite, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and blood pressure Hida et al.

Adipokines

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The worldwide epidemic of obesity has brought cons iderable attention to research aimed at understanding the biology of adipocytes fat cells and the events occurring in adipose tissue fat and in the bodies of obese individuals. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation and that this contributes to systemic metabolic dysfunction that is associated with obesity-linked disorders. Adipose tissue functions as a key endocrine organ by releasing multiple bioactive substances, known as adipose-derived secreted factors or adipokines, that have pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities. Dysregulated production or secretion of these adipokines owing to adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-linked complications. In this Review, we focus on the role of adipokines in inflammatory responses and discuss their potential as regulators of metabolic function. Obesity has become a major worldwide health problem, not least because it is strongly associated with a number of diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease, that reduce life expectancy and together have huge economic and societal consequences. Increasing evidence indicates that obesity is causally linked to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state 1 , 2 which contributes to the development of obesity-linked disorders, in particular to metabolic dysfunction. It is now well established that adipose tissue is not only involved in energy storage but also functions as an endocrine organ that secretes various bioactive substances 3 , 4. The dysregulated expression of these factors, caused by excess adiposity and adipocyte dysfunction, has been linked to the pathogenesis of various disease processes through altered immune responses. As such, much attention has been paid to developing a better understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of adipose tissue. New factors secreted by adipose tissue have been identified that either promote inflammatory responses and metabolic dysfunction or contribute to the resolution of inflammation and have beneficial effects on obesity-linked metabolic disorders. These findings lend additional support to the notion that an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines secreted by adipose tissue contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Obesity — in particular, excess visceral adiposity — is strongly associated with insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia, which contribute to high rates of mortality and morbidity.

Accordingly, adipokines, obese-derived MSC exhibit impaired potency compared to lean-derived MSC that make them functionally compromised 5. Trabecular bone volume is dramatically decreased, while cortical bone has compromised matrix quality Delany adipokines al.

The adipokines , or adipocytokines Greek adipo- , fat; cytos- , cell; and -kinos , movement are cytokines cell signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue. Some contribute to an obesity-related low-grade state of inflammation or to the development of metabolic syndrome , a constellation of diseases including, but not limited to, type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version.

Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Adipose tissue has traditionally been defined as connective tissue that stores excess calories in the form of triacylglycerol. However, the physiologic functions attributed to adipose tissue are expanding, and it is now well established that adipose tissue is an endocrine gland. Among the endocrine factors elaborated by adipose tissue are the adipokines; hormones, similar in structure to cytokines, produced by adipose tissue in response to changes in adipocyte triacylglycerol storage and local and systemic inflammation. They inform the host regarding long-term energy storage and have a profound influence on reproductive function, blood pressure regulation, energy homeostasis, the immune response, and many other physiologic processes. The adipokines possess pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and play a critical role in integrating systemic metabolism with immune function. In calorie restriction and starvation, proinflammatory adipokines decline and anti-inflammatory adipokines increase, which informs the host of energy deficits and contributes to the suppression of immune function. In individuals with normal metabolic status, there is a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines.

Adipokines

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Adipose tissue functions as an energy-storage and endocrine organ, thereby coordinating energy supply and demand at the level of the whole organism. Adipose tissue is comprised of distinct cell populations that are engaged in complex crosstalk pathways.

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Hypertension 42 — CCN4 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. On the other hand, CTRP3 has also been recognized as a growth factor, promoting proliferation of chondrogenic precursors and chondrocytes Maeda et al. Yang, S. On the basis of these findings, it has been suggested a significant role of chemerin in human vascular health and disease. An obese environment negatively regulates telomerase activity, which in turn results in telomere shortening, genomic destabilization, and cellular aging in MSC. Gregor, M. The expression of RbP4 is inversely related to that of glucose transporter type 4 GLuT4; also known as sLC2A4 , and administration of recombinant RbP4 to normal mice decreases insulin sensitivity Acta — See here instead. These factors increase human monocyte chemotactic activity; thus these observations support the idea that NAMPT has a pro-inflammatory role

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Adipose tissue mass can be regulated through the vasculature. Requirement for leptin in the induction and progression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Serum leptin, resistin, and adiponectin levels in obese and non-obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based study. Resistin promotes endothelial cell activation: further evidence of adipokine—endothelial interaction. Savage, D. Increased levels of CRP, and its inducer interleukin-6 IL-6 , are predictive of the development of type 2 diabetes in various populations 5 , 6. Serum vaspin levels were significantly decreased in patients with coronary artery disease respect to healthy controls Kadoglou et al. However, patients with heart failure and acute coronary syndrome showed a significant increase of FSTL1 circulating concentrations Widera et al. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. In , tumour necrosis factor TNF was identified as a pro-inflammatory product of adipose tissue that is induced in models of diabetes and obesity, providing evidence for a functional link between obesity and inflammation It is now well established that adipose tissue is not only involved in energy storage but also functions as an endocrine organ that secretes various bioactive substances 3 , 4. Highly inflamed, metabolically dysfunctional adipose tissue is characterized by macrophage infiltration, capillary rarefaction and adipocyte necrosis.